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Research

The Research
Behind Wavelength

Wavelength helps one person speak into how another listens.
This is the published work that informs it.

45 sources across 15 topics, each one cited in full.

Informed by published research. Our own constructs are not yet validated.

Read the sources

1 What is claimed And what is not. 2 Five mindsets How people think. 3 Five traits How people say it. 4 Two people How a pair talks. 5 See it as a map Every source on one picture.
One. What we claim

Published, Ours, And Open

We separate what is published from what is ours.
A reader should always be able to tell which is which.

Published

The sources below. Peer reviewed papers and books on thinking, trust and speech.

Ours

The five mindsets and five traits. We mapped them to the work above.

eg

Open

Whether the scores predict real results. We have not tested that yet.

These authors have not endorsed Wavelength.
Their names show where to read more, nothing else.

Found a mistake in a citation?

Tell us and we will fix it the same day.

Two. How people think

The Five Mindsets

Wavelength reads which mindset a message comes from.
Each one rests on a different field of study.

Analytical

Cognitive psychology, reasoning and executive function
  • Baddeley, A. (1992). Working memory. Science, 255(5044), 556–559. Find it
  • Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Find it
  • Stanovich, K. E., & West, R. F. (2000). Individual differences in reasoning: Implications for the rationality debate? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 23(5), 645–665. Find it
  • Goel, V., & Dolan, R. J. (2003). Explaining modulation of reasoning by belief. Cognition, 87(1), B11–B22. Find it

Relational

Relational psychoanalysis and attachment theory
  • Mitchell, S. A. (1988). Relational concepts in psychoanalysis. Harvard University Press. Find it
  • Stolorow, R. D., Brandchaft, B., & Atwood, G. E. (1987). Psychoanalytic treatment: An intersubjective approach. Analytic Press. Find it
  • Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. Basic Books. Find it
  • Fonagy, P., & Target, M. (1997). Attachment and reflective function. Development and Psychopathology, 9(4), 679–700. Find it

Operational

Organizational psychology and task cognition
  • Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1976). Motivation through the design of work. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16(2), 250–279. Find it
  • Salas, E., Sims, D. E., & Burke, C. S. (2005). Is there a “big five” in teamwork? Small Group Research, 36(5), 555–599. Find it
  • Kirsh, D. (1995). The intelligent use of space. Artificial Intelligence, 73(1–2), 31–68. Find it
  • Tversky, B. (2011). Visualizing thought. Topics in Cognitive Science, 3(3), 499–535. Find it

Visionary

Abstract thinking, symbolic imagination and foresight
  • Barsalou, L. W. (2008). Grounded cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 617–645. Find it
  • Suddendorf, T., & Corballis, M. C. (2007). The evolution of foresight. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 30(3), 299–313. Find it
  • Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. University of Chicago Press. Find it
  • Boyer, P. (2008). Evolutionary economics of mental time travel. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(6), 219–224. Find it

Political

Political psychology, social influence and ideology
  • Jost, J. T., Federico, C. M., & Napier, J. L. (2009). Political ideology. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 307–337. Find it
  • Cialdini, R. B. (2007). Influence: The psychology of persuasion. HarperCollins. Find it
  • Hibbing, J. R., Smith, K. B., & Alford, J. R. (2014). Differences in negativity bias underlie variations in political ideology. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 37(3), 297–307. Find it
  • Tetlock, P. E. (2002). Social functionalist frameworks for judgment and choice: Intuitive politicians, theologians, and prosecutors. Psychological Review, 109(3), 451–471. Find it
Three. How people say it

The Five Traits

Directness, emotionality, structure, detail and implication.
These describe how a message is put together.

Directness

Pragmatics, and high-context versus low-context communication
  • Hall, E. T. (1976). Beyond culture. Anchor Books. Find it
  • Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and conversation. Syntax and Semantics, 3, 41–58. Find it
  • Levinson, S. C. (1983). Pragmatics. Cambridge University Press. Find it

Emotionality

Affective neuroscience and emotional communication
  • Panksepp, J. (1998). Affective neuroscience. Oxford University Press. Find it
  • Barrett, L. F. (2017). How emotions are made. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Find it
  • Keltner, D., & Lerner, J. S. (2010). Emotion. In Handbook of social psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 317–352). Find it

Structure preference

Executive function and cognitive control
  • Miyake, A., et al. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions. Cognitive Psychology, 41(1), 49–100. Find it
  • Norman, D. A., & Shallice, T. (1986). Attention to action. In Consciousness and self-regulation (Vol. 4, pp. 1–18). Find it
  • Baddeley, A. (2003). Working memory: Looking back and looking forward. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 4, 829–839. Find it

Detail density

Cognitive load and information processing
  • Sweller, J. (1988). Cognitive load during problem solving. Cognitive Science, 12(2), 257–285. Find it
  • Ericsson, K. A., & Kintsch, W. (1995). Long-term working memory. Psychological Review, 102(2), 211–245. Find it
  • Tversky, B. (2005). Functional significance of visuospatial representations. In P. Shah & A. Miyake (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of visuospatial thinking. Cambridge University Press. Find it

Implication sensitivity

Social cognition and theory of mind
  • Frith, C. D., & Frith, U. (2006). The neural basis of mentalizing. Neuron, 50(4), 531–534. Find it
  • Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (1991). Social cognition. McGraw-Hill. Find it
  • Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. Doubleday. Find it
Four. How two people talk

The Model Of Two People

Wavelength looks at a pair, not just one person.
These sources cover trust, conflict and adjusting to each other.

Dyads and relationship modeling

How two people are studied as one unit
  • Kenny, D. A., Kashy, D. A., & Cook, W. L. (2006). Dyadic data analysis. Guilford Press. Find it
  • Berscheid, E., & Regan, P. (2005). The psychology of interpersonal relationships. Prentice Hall. Find it

Trust formation

How trust is built and kept
  • Mayer, R. C., Davis, J. H., & Schoorman, F. D. (1995). An integrative model of organizational trust. Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 709–734. Find it
  • Lewicki, R. J., & Bunker, B. B. (1996). Developing and maintaining trust in work relationships. In R. M. Kramer & T. R. Tyler (Eds.), Trust in organizations (pp. 114–139). Sage. Find it

Conflict psychology

How disagreement starts and resolves
  • Deutsch, M. (1973). The resolution of conflict. Yale University Press. Find it
  • Thomas, K. W. (1992). Conflict and negotiation processes in organizations. In Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (2nd ed.). Consulting Psychologists Press. Find it

Communication accommodation

How people shift their speech toward each other
  • Giles, H., Coupland, N., & Coupland, J. (1991). Contexts of accommodation. Cambridge University Press. Find it
  • Burgoon, J. K., & Hale, J. L. (1987). Validation and measurement of the fundamental themes of relational communication. Communication Monographs, 54(1), 19–41. Find it

Social graphs and networks

How ties between people shape what travels
  • Granovetter, M. S. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78(6), 1360–1380. Find it
  • Wasserman, S., & Faust, K. (1994). Social network analysis. Cambridge University Press. Find it
Five. Check our work

Take The Data With You

The whole list is one plain file.
Open it, sort it, or check it against your own library.

Download the list (JSON) See it as a map

See the whole picture

Every source sits on one map.
Open a topic to read what it cites.

The research map The engine, step by step Back to Wavelength Citations are listed as supplied to us, with corrections where we checked a source.


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